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Year 12 Digital Solutions External Exam Revision
Pseudocode and algorithm reasoning
Inputs, processes and outputs Icon: OpenMoji, CC BY-SA 4.0 Most algorithms can be understood by identifying what data enters, what happens to it and what result is produced. Input: What data enters the algorithm? Process: What calculations, decis...
Cybersecurity and the CIA triad
Threats, vulnerabilities and risks Icon: OpenMoji, CC BY-SA 4.0 Cybersecurity protects digital systems, networks and data from harm. The harm may be deliberate, such as stealing records, or accidental, such as deleting a shared file. A power failure, f...
Security strategies and their appropriate uses
Start with the vulnerability A security strategy is appropriate when it addresses a particular weakness or threat. Naming a powerful-sounding technology is not enough. Useful reasoning chain: vulnerability or threat → possible event → affected CIA propert...
Data-flow diagrams and exchange-system relationships
What a data-flow diagram shows A data-flow diagram (DFD) represents where data comes from, how a system transforms it, where it is stored and where it goes. It focuses on logical data relationships rather than screen layout, program-control order or network ...
User interfaces, useability and annotated mock-ups
User interface and user experience A user interface (UI) is the point where a person interacts with a digital solution: screens, controls, labels, messages, sound and other inputs or outputs. User experience (UX) is the broader experience produced while usin...
Cognitive verbs and constructing responses
The verb tells you what thinking to show A cognitive verb is not an instruction about response length. It identifies the kind of thinking the response must make visible. Instruction Thinking to show Useful self-check Recognise or identify ...
Reading criteria and interpreting unseen stimulus
Unseen does not mean unknowable Unseen stimulus gives you a new context, not a new subject. Your job is to connect supplied evidence with familiar Digital Solutions concepts. First principle: build your answer from the stimulus and the question, then appl...
JSON and structured data
Structured data has an organised shape Structured data follows a predictable organisation so programs can locate, filter and transform values. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a text format commonly used to exchange data between systems and applications....
Data dictionaries and specifications
A shared description of data A data dictionary or specification documents what each data item means and how it must be represented. It helps user interfaces, algorithms, databases and exchanged messages agree. Key idea: A field name and type are a start, not...
Australian Privacy Principles
Privacy principles govern a data lifecycle The Privacy Act 1988 includes 13 Australian Privacy Principles (APPs). They govern standards, rights and obligations for handling personal information by organisations and agencies covered by the Act, called APP ent...
Data-exchange technologies
One exchange uses several layers A mobile app does not reach into another system's database. It communicates through an agreed interface. API: a defined interface through which software requests data or actions. REST: an architectural approach that treats da...
Network performance
Performance is more than speed Measure Meaning Effect Bandwidth The theoretical capacity of a link per unit time Limits possible transfer rate Throughput The actual rate achieved Determines how quickly useful data arrives Latency Delay between sending and re...
Constraints, requirements and criteria
Four different jobs Term Question answered Example Need Why is change needed? Workers lose time locating jobs. Requirement What must the solution do, or how well? Allow search by street or suburb. Constraint What limits the solution space? Must run on existi...
Classical encryption algorithms
A shared numerical model Use the mapping A = 0, B = 1, ..., Z = 25. Addition encrypts; subtraction decrypts. Modulo 26 wraps results into the alphabet. encrypted = (plaintext + shift) MOD 26 plaintext = (encrypted - shift + 26) MOD 26 For a shift of 5, X =...
Visual communication principles
Elements are materials; principles organise them Visual elements are the building materials visible in a composition. Principles describe how those elements are arranged to communicate. Elements Principles Space, line, colour, shape, texture, tone, form, pro...
Emerging technologies
A family of related ideas Artificial intelligence (AI): broad field of systems performing tasks associated with intelligent behaviour. Machine learning (ML): methods that learn patterns from data to make predictions or decisions rather than relying only on h...
SQL in a Unit 4 context
SQL behind a data exchange A client might send JSON to an API, but the back end may validate the request and use SQL to read or update a relational database. mobile app → HTTPS/JSON → API validation → parameterised SQL → database mobile app ← JSON response ←...